Causes of Diabetes mellitus Other types

Causes of Diabetes mellitus Other types

Prediabetes indicates a condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 DM. Many people destined to develop type 2 DM spend many years in a state of prediabetes.

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a condition in which type 1 DM develops in adults. Adults with LADA are frequently initially misdiagnosed as having type 2 DM, based on age rather than etiology.

Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of insulin-antagonistic hormones can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells. The ICD-10 (1992) diagnostic entity, malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM or MMDM, ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the World Health Organization when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.

Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.

"Type 3 diabetes" has been suggested as a term for Alzheimer's disease as the underlying processes may involve insulin resistance by the brain.

The following is a comprehensive list of other causes of diabetes:

Genetic defects of β-cell function

Maturity onset diabetes of the young

Mitochondrial DNA mutations

Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action

Defects in proinsulin conversion

Insulin gene mutations

Insulin receptor mutations

Exocrine pancreatic defects

Chronic pancreatitis

Pancreatectomy

Pancreatic neoplasia

Cystic fibrosis

Hemochromatosis

Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy

Endocrinopathies

Growth hormone excess (acromegaly)

Cushing syndrome

Hyperthyroidism

Pheochromocytoma

Glucagonoma

Infections

Cytomegalovirus infection

Coxsackievirus B

Drugs

Glucocorticoids

Thyroid hormone

β-adrenergic agonists

Statins