Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight
loss, polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and
polyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months)
in type 1 DM, while they usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or
absent in type 2 DM.
loss, polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and
polyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months)
in type 1 DM, while they usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or
absent in type 2 DM.
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of
diabetes although they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the
known ones above, they include blurry vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing
of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose
absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its shape,
resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in diabetes
are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.
diabetes although they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the
known ones above, they include blurry vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing
of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose
absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its shape,
resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in diabetes
are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of
diabetes although they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the
known ones above, they include blurry vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing
of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose
absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its shape,
resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in diabetes
are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.
diabetes although they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the
known ones above, they include blurry vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing
of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose
absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its shape,
resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in diabetes
are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.
Diabetic emergencies
Low blood sugar is common in persons with type 1 and type
2 DM. Most cases are mild and are not considered medical emergencies. Effects
can range from feelings of unease, sweating, trembling, and increased appetite
in mild cases to more serious issues such as confusion, changes in behavior
such as aggressiveness, seizures, unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent brain
damage or death in severe cases. Moderate hypoglycemia may easily be mistaken
for drunkenness; rapid breathing and sweating, cold, pale skin are
characteristic of hypoglycemia but not definitive. Mild to moderate cases are
self-treated by eating or drinking something high in sugar. Severe cases can
lead to unconsciousness and must be treated with intravenous glucose or
injections with glucagon.
2 DM. Most cases are mild and are not considered medical emergencies. Effects
can range from feelings of unease, sweating, trembling, and increased appetite
in mild cases to more serious issues such as confusion, changes in behavior
such as aggressiveness, seizures, unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent brain
damage or death in severe cases. Moderate hypoglycemia may easily be mistaken
for drunkenness; rapid breathing and sweating, cold, pale skin are
characteristic of hypoglycemia but not definitive. Mild to moderate cases are
self-treated by eating or drinking something high in sugar. Severe cases can
lead to unconsciousness and must be treated with intravenous glucose or
injections with glucagon.
People (usually with type 1 DM) may also experience
episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, a metabolic disturbance characterized by
nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, the smell of acetone on the breath, deep
breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of
consciousness.
episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, a metabolic disturbance characterized by
nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, the smell of acetone on the breath, deep
breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of
consciousness.
A rare but equally severe possibility is hyperosmolar
nonketotic state, which is more common in type 2 DM and is mainly the result of
dehydration
nonketotic state, which is more common in type 2 DM and is mainly the result of
dehydration
Complications
All forms of diabetes increase the risk of long-term
complications. These typically develop after many years (10–20) but may be the
first symptom in those who have otherwise not received a diagnosis before that
time.
complications. These typically develop after many years (10–20) but may be the
first symptom in those who have otherwise not received a diagnosis before that
time.
The major long-term complications relate to damage to
blood vessels. Diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and about
75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease.Other
"macrovascular" diseases are stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
blood vessels. Diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and about
75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease.Other
"macrovascular" diseases are stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
The primary complications of diabetes due to damage in
small blood vessels include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Damage to
the eyes, known as diabetic retinopathy, is caused by damage to the blood
vessels in the retina of the eye, and can result in gradual vision loss and
blindness. Damage to the kidneys, known as diabetic nephropathy, can lead to
tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic kidney disease,
sometimes requiring dialysis or kidney transplant. Damage to the nerves of the
body, known as diabetic neuropathy, is the most common complication of
diabetes. The symptoms can include numbness, tingling, pain, and altered pain
sensation, which can lead to damage to the skin. Diabetes-related foot problems
(such as diabetic foot ulcers) may occur, and can be difficult to treat,
occasionally requiring amputation. Additionally, proximal diabetic neuropathy
causes painful muscle wasting and weakness.
small blood vessels include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Damage to
the eyes, known as diabetic retinopathy, is caused by damage to the blood
vessels in the retina of the eye, and can result in gradual vision loss and
blindness. Damage to the kidneys, known as diabetic nephropathy, can lead to
tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic kidney disease,
sometimes requiring dialysis or kidney transplant. Damage to the nerves of the
body, known as diabetic neuropathy, is the most common complication of
diabetes. The symptoms can include numbness, tingling, pain, and altered pain
sensation, which can lead to damage to the skin. Diabetes-related foot problems
(such as diabetic foot ulcers) may occur, and can be difficult to treat,
occasionally requiring amputation. Additionally, proximal diabetic neuropathy
causes painful muscle wasting and weakness.
There is a link between cognitive deficit and diabetes.
Compared to those without diabetes, those with the disease have a 1.2 to
1.5-fold greater rate of decline in cognitive function. Being diabetic,
especially when on insulin increases the risk of falls in older people.
Compared to those without diabetes, those with the disease have a 1.2 to
1.5-fold greater rate of decline in cognitive function. Being diabetic,
especially when on insulin increases the risk of falls in older people.
No comments :
Post a Comment