Diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal.
Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon.
Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and not enough exercise. Some people are more genetically at risk than others. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes mellitus type 1 and gestational diabetes. In diabetes mellitus type 1 there is an absolute lack of insulin due to breakdown of islet cells in the pancreas. Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or A1C.
Type 2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating properly. Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes. If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication metformin is typically recommended. Many people may eventually also require insulin injections. In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels is advised; however, this may not be needed in those taking pills. Bariatric surgery often improves diabetes in those who are obese.
Rates of type 2 diabetes have
increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity. As of 2013 there were
approximately 368 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around
30 million in 1985. Typically it begins in middle or older age, although rates
of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people. Type 2 diabetes is
associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. Diabetes was one of the
first diseases described. The importance of insulin in the disease was
determined in the 1920s.
increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity. As of 2013 there were
approximately 368 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around
30 million in 1985. Typically it begins in middle or older age, although rates
of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people. Type 2 diabetes is
associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. Diabetes was one of the
first diseases described. The importance of insulin in the disease was
determined in the 1920s.
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